My Publications

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āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āϟ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ – ⧍ā§Ŧ, āϧāϰāĻžāϛ⧋āρ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āϟ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ-⧍ā§Ŧ | ā§ŠāϰāĻž āϜ⧁āύ, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ | āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŽā§‹āϟāĻž āĻĻāĻžāϗ⧇ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āφāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻĒāĻžāχāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‹āϟāĻž āĻĻāĻžāϗ⧇ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāύ-āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āφāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻĒāĻžāχāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻšāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āφāĻļāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ (ā§§) āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāϞ⧟-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āϟ-āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϤ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ -āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻŸā§‡ āϭ⧌āϤ-āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ “āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯â€ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύāϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤ (⧍) …Blog, PublicationsJune 4, 2025
āϏ⧁āĻĻāĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§€āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦ⧟āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ, āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϤ | ā§§ā§Ŧ āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁⧟āĻžāϰ⧀, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻĨāĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§€āϤāĻŋ āϘāĻŋāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŦ⧟āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚ āϏ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻĨāĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§€āϤāĻŋ …Blog, PublicationsFebruary 16, 2025
Recasting the interest rate, exchange rate and inflation narrativeSajjad Zohir | The Business Standard | 3rd February 2025 |   The magic perceived in high interest rates Many argue that the remedy to all woes in Bangladesh’s financial economy lies in raising interest rates—be it in the name of repo, deposit rates, or lending rates. The arguments, if I understand the proponents, are as follows: An increase in interest rates will, firstly, increase the price of present consumption …Blog, PublicationsFebruary 6, 2025
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ• āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ | ā§§ā§§ āύāϭ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āφāϜāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ›āϤāĻž, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇, āύāĻ—āĻĻ⧇ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āφāϜāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ›āϤāĻž, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇, āύāĻ—āĻĻ⧇ āĻšā§‹āĻ•ā§â€Œ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻžā§Ÿ (āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ⧇) āĻšā§‹āĻ•ā§â€Œ, …Blog, PublicationsNovember 11, 2024
āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻ“ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ āύāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ, āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϤ | ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻŦāϰ, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ-āύ⧃āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ ‘āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžâ€™, āύ⧃āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻŦāĻž ‘āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ’ (ethnicity) āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϞ⧇āĻĒ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻžāύ⧋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ (race) āĻ­āĻŋ⧜ āĻ•āϰāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻĻ⧁āϰ⧂āĻšāĨ¤ āϝāϤāĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋ, āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ (āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāĻžāρāϚāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇) āĻ”āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ–āϞāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇, āωāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ-āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āύ⧃āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž, āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāϤ …Blog, PublicationsOctober 30, 2024
āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž | āϝāϤ āĻŽāϤ āϤāϤ āĻĒāĻĨ | ā§¨ā§Ž āϏ⧇āĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | ⧧⧝ā§Ģā§§ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ—āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āύ, āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻāχ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āφāχāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϪ⧟āύ āĻ“ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ—āĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ• āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāϪ⧇āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻžāϏāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ …Blog, PublicationsSeptember 28, 2024
āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āφāĻļ⧁ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϏāĻŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ | ā§Ļā§Ž āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϕ⧋āϟāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϜ⧟ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇ ā§Ģ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦ⧟āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧋āϞāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ—āϤāĻžāύ⧁āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āύāσāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻ“ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖā§€ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤāĻž āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§‹āϰāĻ—ā§‹ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇, āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇-āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ …Blog, PublicationsAugust 9, 2024
āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āϧāσāĻĒāϤāύ āϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āύ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻˇā§āϠ⧁ āĻŽā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āϏāĻž āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ ā§Šā§Ļ, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ, āĻ…āϞāĻžāĻ­āϜāύāĻ• āĻŦ⧇āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āχāϕ⧋āύāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒ⧇āϰ (āχāφāϰāϜāĻŋ) āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āχāύāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāϟāĻŋāωāϟ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻĄā§‡āϭ⧇āϞāĻĒāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ (āĻŦāĻŋāφāχāĻĄāĻŋāĻāϏ) āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϰ āϰāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧋ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ•, āφāχāĻāĻĢāϏāĻŋ, āφāχāĻāĻĢāĻāĻĄāĻŋ, āχāωāύāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻĢ, āĻāĻĢāĻāĻ“ āĻ“ āĻĄāĻŦā§āϞāĻŋāωāĻāĻĢāĻĒāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āύāĻžāϤāĻ• āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻŋāĻāχāϚāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ …Blog, PublicationsAugust 3, 2024
Beyond the Quota Reform Movement – a nation-building in disarrayThe Bonik Barta | August 01, 2024 | Sajjad Zohir | I. Introduction: Lies, Lies and More Lies There is hardly any misgiving about the sequence of events during the ten days (roughly 12-21 July) that shook Bangladesh. No matter how many variants of lies and rumors float around, and no matter what conspiracies or misgovernance may have led to those events, return to a track of progress calls for …Blog, PublicationsAugust 1, 2024
āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ : āĻ āĻ—āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ?āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž | āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ /āωāĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ | ā§¨ā§Ž āϜ⧁āύ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āϜāĻ—āϤ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžā§Ÿā§€-āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻœā§‹āϟ-āĻŦāĻžāρāϧāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦ⧃āĻšā§Ž āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇, āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦ⧟ āϘāϟāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ ‘āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻŸâ€™ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ (āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ (āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇) āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ, āĻ•āϰāĻĒā§‹āϰ⧇āĻļāύ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ-āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻœā§‹āϟāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ …Blog, PublicationsJune 28, 2024
Declining share of consumption in GDPThe Business Standard | 28 June, 2024 | Sajjad Zohir | The post-budget discourses often take off from commonly observed statistics. One such statistic was the declining share of consumption in gross domestic product, C/Y. A young reporter called me to get a quick reaction that she could use as a quote. I was puzzled with such demands since GDP is an accounting construct and there may be numerous ways …Blog, PublicationsJune 28, 2024
āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āχ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻž āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϤ | āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ | ā§¨ā§Ž āϜ⧁āύ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āρ⧟āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ•āϰ⧇ ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāϞ, āĻĻā§‹āώ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°â€”āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰāĨ¤ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻļ⧁āϰ āϚāĻžāĻŽā§œāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻĻā§‹āώ āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰāĨ¤ āϚāĻžāϞ-āĻĄāĻžāϞ-āφāϞ⧁-āĻĒāĻŸā§‹āϞ-āϤ⧇āϞ-āύ⧁āύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟāĨ¤ āϝāϤ āĻĻā§‹āώ āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āχ āϝ⧇āύ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻžāϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ āĻ…āϘāϟāύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞ⧇ āĻĻā§‹āώ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāϚ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āĻĒāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ ‘āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟāĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤â€™ …Blog, PublicationsJune 28, 2024
āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāϟ āĻ“ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϏāĻŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĨ¤ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤāĨ¤ ⧍⧍ āĻŽā§‡ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§ĒāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧟āĻžāϏ  Blog, PublicationsMay 25, 2024
Bank mergers: lessons for a sucker in despairSajjad Zohir | The Financial Express | 18 May, 2024 |   Only a few days or weeks before the Bangladesh Bank (BB) issued the April 4, 2024 circular, introducing guidelines for both voluntary and compulsory mergers, the Chairman of the ailing Padma Bank, M. Nafeez Sarafat resigned. Under a new Acting Vice Chairman, Afzal Karim, Padma Bank signed an MOU with Exim Bank in March 2024. Thus, the Prime …Blog, PublicationsMay 20, 2024
āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧋āϞāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž| āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ| āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ ā§Ļā§Š, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē |   āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ— āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύ āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āχāĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĨ¤   āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āφāĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϞ⧋āĻ• āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ?  āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŦ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύ, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāϤ⧋ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āϜāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āύāĻŋāϰ⧂āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧇āϏāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϜāύāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϘāĻžāϟāϤāĻŋ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻ— …Blog, PublicationsMarch 9, 2024
‘āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ’ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ–ā§‹āϞāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž | āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ/ āϚāĻŋāĻ āĻŋ | ⧧⧝ āĻĄāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āύāĻž āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇ āĻ­ā§‹āϟ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āχāĻšā§āϛ⧁āĻ• āύāύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ ‘āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛â€™ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡â€“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āϝ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚, ‘āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ’āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ, āĻĻāϞāĻŽāϤ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ …Blog, PublicationsDecember 20, 2023
āĻ­ā§‹āϟ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ• āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž| āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŽāϤ | āĻĄāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ⧧⧝, ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āχ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āύāĻž āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇ āĻ­ā§‹āϟ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āχāĻšā§āϛ⧁āĻ• āύāύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ ‘‌āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛â€™ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āϝ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ ‘‌āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ’āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ, āĻĻāϞāĻŽāϤ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ …Blog, PublicationsDecember 20, 2023
āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϏāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻšāĻžāωāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž| āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ | āĻĄāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ā§§ā§Š, ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š| āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāχāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāύ ⧧⧝ā§Ģā§§ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āϘāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āĻŦāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āĻĻā§āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāρāϚāϜāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžā§Ÿ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāϰ⧇ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ—-āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āύ, āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ (āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāύ⧁āĻ—āĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇) āϏāĻŽāĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϏāĻŽā§€āĻšā§€āύ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ …Blog, PublicationsDecember 20, 2023
āϏāϤāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽā§‡āϧāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāϞāĻ—āϤ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻļ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž | āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ |āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ | ⧍⧧ āύāϭ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧇āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āχāϕ⧋āύāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒ⧇āϰ (āχāφāϰāϜāĻŋ) āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āϤāĻŋ-āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•-āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āχāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻŽ āĻŽā§āϏāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļā§āϰ⧁āϤāϞāĻŋāĻ–āύ : āĻŽā§āϜāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻ⧁āϞ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž : āĻĻā§‡ā§œ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻĒāϰ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ …Blog, PublicationsNovember 22, 2023
āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ? ( āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ-ā§Š)āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž | āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ | āωāĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ | ⧍ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ |   āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž : āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ [āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžāϤ⧇ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇āϰ ā§Šā§Ļ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§Ē āϏ⧇āĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒ⧜āϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāϟ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ-āĻļ⧇āώ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŸā§€āĻ•āĻžāϤ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϧāĻžāĻŦāύ āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋāĨ¤] āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āĻļ⧟ āĻœā§‡āϗ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ: āωāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžā§Ÿ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋāϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ …Blog, PublicationsOctober 21, 2023
āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āφāχāύ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻāϞ⧋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇? ( āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ-⧍)āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž | āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ | āωāĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ | ā§§ā§Ē āϏ⧇āĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿāχ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ, āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āĻŦ⧈āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āϞ⧇āύāĻĻ⧇āύ, āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāϤ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāϰ⧇āϕ⧇, āĻāϏāĻŦ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āϘāĻŋāϰ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϭ⧌āĻŽ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ (āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž, ā§Šā§Ļ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š) āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āϰāĻž …Blog, PublicationsSeptember 16, 2023
āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ (āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ-ā§§)āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž | āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ | āωāĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ | ā§Šā§Ļ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āύ⧈āĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϜ⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϛ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽāϤāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāϤ-āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ› āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻˇā§āϠ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻĒāϰāĻŋ, āφāĻžā§āϚāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āύāϤāϜāĻžāύ⧁ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤāϰ⧁āĻŖāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšā§€āύāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχāϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, āϧ⧋āρ⧟āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āφāĻļā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡ …Blog, PublicationsAugust 30, 2023
āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿā§‡ āύāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ¤ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰāϏāύ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž | āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ | āωāĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ | ⧍⧍ āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŦ⧟āϏ āĻĒāρ⧟āώāĻŸā§āϟāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧁āϞ⧇ āϏāĻžā§āϚ⧟ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāχ āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦ⧟āϏ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻāχ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāϟāĻŋ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϤāϰ⧁āĻŖ āϏāĻžā§āϚ⧟āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦ⧟ āϏāĻžāϧāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇āĻ“ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€āύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāχ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāϟāĻŋ āϰāϚāĻŋāϤ, āϤāĻžāϰ …Blog, PublicationsJuly 23, 2023
āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āϰ: āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϰāĻž (āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ)āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āĻŽā§‡ ⧍⧧, ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻāϕ⧇ āϘāĻŋāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāύāĻž āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻļ⧁ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ) āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻ•āϰ āφāϰ⧋āĻĒ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāĻ• (āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ) āĻ•āϰāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ (āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āϰ: āϜāĻžāύāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ) āĻāϟāĻžāĻ“ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ†ā§Ÿ āωāϭ⧟āϕ⧇āχ āϗ⧁āύāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ āϧāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϚāϞ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ†ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ⧋āĻĒ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ• …Blog, PublicationsMay 21, 2023
Reflections on the MIGA offer of $1 billion loan to BangladeshSajjad Zohir | The Business Standard | 16 May, 2023 | Do we go for a costly supply chain with a high-interest loan, only to be abandoned after a year? Or, do we bear with a regime of uncertain supplies and attempt to negotiate alternative trade contracts with traditional partners to reduce that uncertainty, emphasising on a path of ‘temporary’ austerity? Amidst reports on increasing external debt, a news on …Blog, PublicationsMay 16, 2023
Sustainability and Financing of Water Management: Operations & Maintenance in Coastal PoldersSajjad Zohir In association with M.A. Sattar Mandal, Nityananda Chakravorty and Mutasim Billah Mubde   Abstract: Historically, large investments, once resources are mobilized, is less of a concern than the difficulties faced in ensuring operation and maintenance (O&M). The adverse implications of poor O&M, of coastal embankments and the smaller infrastructures inside the catchment areas, are very significant. This paper focuses on coastal Polders and identifies the prerequisites for sustainable …PublicationsMay 15, 2023
āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āϰ: āϜāĻžāύāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ (āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ)āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž | āĻŽā§‡ ā§Ļā§Š, ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻ•āϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāϰāϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻļ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāϰāϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āϰ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āφāϰ⧋ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϝ⧇ āĻ†ā§Ÿ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇ āĻ āĻ•āϰ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š …Blog, PublicationsMay 3, 2023
A Framework to Assess Digital Transformation in a Technologically Less-Developed Country: Challenges and Opportunities in BangladeshSajjad Zohir | Abstract:The journey towards a ‘digital world’, is often perceived in terms of three sequentially linked ‘phases’, digitization, digitalization and digital transformation. This paper considers digitalization as the process that transforms an analog world into a digital world. Subsequently, attempt is made to understand it’s dynamics in a technologically less developed country (TLDC). Two important departures from the dominant stands in the literature were made in this paper. …Blog, PublicationsApril 24, 2023
Straight talk: The issue of dual citizenshipSajjad Zohir | The Business Standard | Panorama | 25 March, 2023 | The economic, legislative, and regulatory environment of the home country, as well as the quality of governance, have strong influences on individual decisions on using or misusing the instrument of dual citizenship We expect one’s professional positioning to remain unbiased by their personal identity. However, the latter may shape the kind of questions they raise. Thus, someone, …Blog, PublicationsMarch 26, 2023
āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻĒ⧁āĻ¸ā§āϤāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āϚāĻžāχāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϜāĻžāύ⧁⧟āĻžāϰ⧀ ā§§ā§§, ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāύ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āϰ āĻĢāϰāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻĄ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻĒ⧁āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ• āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ ‘āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ, āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ,Â ā§­āĻŽ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋ’ āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϤ⧋āϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻļ⧟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϝ⧇, āϤāĻžāϰ ‘āĻĻā§ƒā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āĻ“ …Blog, PublicationsJanuary 11, 2023
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āĻĄāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ā§Ļ⧍, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ | ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ-āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ āϤāĻ–āύ āϤ⧁āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻ“ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āφāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϞ⧇āϗ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āύāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻ• āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ, …Blog, PublicationsDecember 2, 2022
Is the Hundi market a scapegoat?Failures in the official forex market | Sajjad Zohir and Wasama Ahmed Khan | The Financial Express | November 20, 2022 | We have been wondering about the rationale behind Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit (BFIU)’s decision to suspend “cash out from 230 customer accounts with four mobile financial services (MFS) providers for transacting remittances through hundi” (TBS, November 17, 2022). The suspicion of Hundi activities in those transactions may be …Blog, PublicationsNovember 20, 2022
āĻŦ⧈āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ-āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤ (⧍⧟ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ )āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āύāϭ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ | āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ (āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋-āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ (āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“) āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϪ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāσāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāϕ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āϤāϤ⧋āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ—āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ …Blog, PublicationsNovember 15, 2022
āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āĻĄāϞāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧈āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‹āĻŖ ( āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ )āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āύāϭ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ā§Ļā§Š, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ | āĻĒāϟāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤāϏāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϘāϰ⧇-āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏāύ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•āϗ⧁āĻ˛ā§‹ā§Ÿ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ•āĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ (āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϧ) āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ (āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϧ⧇āϰ) āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϗ⧁āĻ˛ā§‹ā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏāύ āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡āϛ⧇, āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ—āϤ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ, āφāĻļāĻŋ āĻ“ āύāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϗ⧁āĻ˛ā§‹ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤāϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϏāϤ āĻ—ā§‡ā§œā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĻ⧈āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ …Blog, PublicationsNovember 3, 2022
āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻšā§€āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ: āϏāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻĒā§‹āϰ⧇āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āϰāĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϤ | āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ē, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ | āĻĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϛ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϜāĻžāϤ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•-āĻĻ⧁āχāϤāϞāĻž āύ⧟, ⧧⧍ āϤāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĨ¤ āφāĻļāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āωāρāϚ⧁ āĻĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ āĻĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāύ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻ–āĻžāĻŸā§‹ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞāĻ˜ā§‡āϰāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāρāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāϞ⧇āχ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āϘāĻžāϏāĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϞāύāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āϞ⧋āϰ-āĻāϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤ (āĻāĻĢāĻāφāϰ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ–āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ•āϟāĻž āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āĻ›ā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇āϰ āĻ›ā§Ÿ āϤāϞāĻžāϕ⧇ …Blog, PublicationsOctober 25, 2022
āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž: āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻŦāϰ āφāϞāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāύāĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϏ⧇āĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ā§§ā§Ē, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ | āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻžā§āϜāϞāĻŋ | āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž: āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻŦāϰ āφāϞāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāύ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°Â āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻˇā§āϠ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āϏāĻĻā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€āύ āĻšāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰāϤ āĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ, āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻļ⧁āύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰāϤ āĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ• (āχāωāĻŸā§‹āĻĒāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ) āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āύ⧀āϰāĻŦ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āϤāĻ–āύāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, …Blog, PublicationsSeptember 14, 2022
Introspection: Resetting our perspectives on the multilateral lending agenciesSajjad Zohir | The Business Standard | 09 September, 2022 | Should a lender be termed a donor? Additionally, in a global economy infested by dubious transactions, the prevalence of interlinked financial contracts and power pervading economic decisions, a strategist ought to be able to justify why borrowing, instead of expenditure-saving options, should be pursued   Recently I heard a presentation from an old acquaintance of mine in the profession. …Blog, PublicationsSeptember 9, 2022
Dual Citizens, USD market volatility and External BorrowingSajjad Zohir | The Business Standard | 26 August, 2022 | Dominant role of dual citizens (DCs) in policymaking may be hypothetically argued to have a close relation to increasing demand for external borrowing (such as the likes of IMF loans). And there seems to be no framework to regulate their influence   Introduction: The emigration of population from the South to the North in recent decades has not only …Blog, PublicationsAugust 27, 2022
āϰāĻŋāϜāĻžāĻ°ā§āϭ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻž āϏ⧇āϤ⧁āϰ āϜāύāϚāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āĻĒā§‚āϰāϪ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϤ | āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ ⧍ā§Ē, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ | āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϜāύ āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϏāĻžāĻŽā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āϘāϟāύāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āϜāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻšā§€ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϚāĻ•ā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϜ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ-āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻ—āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϏ⧇āχ āφāĻļāĻžā§Ÿ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž–ā§§: āĻŦ⧈āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϜ⧁āĻĻ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āφāύāϤ⧇ āĻŦ⧈āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‹āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ“ …Blog, PublicationsJuly 24, 2022
‘āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻžâ€™ āϏ⧇āϤ⧁ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ ā§Ļā§Š, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍ | āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āϏ⧇āϤ⧁ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦā§‹āϧāύ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻŖ āĻļ⧁āύ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĨ¤ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāϧ āϚ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻ…āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŋāϤ āϝ⧋āĻ—āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāϞāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āφāϛ⧇āύ, āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āχ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ …Blog, PublicationsJuly 4, 2022
Virtual engagement with the governmentSajjad Zohir | The Business Standard | 14 July, 2021 |   Despite the Cabinet Division’s instruction to all government offices to conduct their official activities virtually, income tax office asked randomly selected regular taxpayers to be physically present at the office for audit A friend of mine received a notice from her income tax office mentioning that her tax file for the last assessment year was selected for audit …Blog, PublicationsJuly 15, 2021
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Skills Demand Analysis on ICT Enabled Services in BangladeshSkill Demand in IT Enabled Services in Bangladesh and observations on IT-specific Labor Market Research Team: Sajjad Zohir, Mushtaq Khalique, Rafe Rais Hannan, Mutasim Billah Mubde, K M Masnun Hosain    PublicationsJanuary 13, 2021
Fight against Covid-19: A proposal to engage at the community levelThe Business Standard āĨ¤ June 24, 2020 āĨ¤ Sajjad Zohir āĨ¤ To many, it is already too late to act. Yet, as long as there is a future, it is never too late to begin. The pace of transmission of SARS-CoV2 virus is believed to be way above unity, meaning the infection is growing exponentially. The number of tests administered is inadequate and as the tests get selective, proportion of …Blog, PublicationsJune 25, 2020
Belittling our intelligence!The Business Standard āĨ¤ June 10, 2020 āĨ¤ Sajjad Zohir āĨ¤   We are now into the most hilarious experiments of centuries to come. East (Purbo) Razabazaar is under lockdown since midnight, with the beginning of 10th June. But the news has been in the media for last two days. The live coverage during the last hour before the lockdown visibly revealed that many were leaving the area on vehicles …Blog, PublicationsJune 13, 2020
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻ•āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄ-⧧⧝-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĨ¤ āϜ⧁āύ ā§Ļā§Ē, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ āĨ¤ āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāĻ°Â āĨ¤   āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āϘāĻŋāϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄ-⧧⧝-āĻāϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āϰ⧋āϧ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿā§‹āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧇āχ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ, āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§‹āĻĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŖā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ• āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻž āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāϧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻ“ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āϏāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ …Blog, PublicationsJune 4, 2020
Who is in charge? Who do we convey our suggestions to?  The Business Standard āĨ¤ May 21, 2020 āĨ¤ Sajjad Zohir āĨ¤ The chaos in the management of Covid-preparations and in the management of the basic activities to contain the contagion, is widely acknowledged. The manifestations are in several fields and therefore their diagnosis remains patchy. Recent media coverage and exchanges in the social network reveal corrupt grassroots authorities amidst this human crisis; and a minister recently mentioned the inadequacy …Blog, PublicationsMay 21, 2020
Missing reasoning during Covid-19!Financial Express āĨ¤ Letters to the Editor āĨ¤ April 27, 2020 āĨ¤ Sajjad Zohir āĨ¤ Many may have seen Dr Zafrullah Chowdhury facing several representatives from the drug administration and medical profession who, along with the anchor of a television talk show, tried to nullify Gonoshasthaya Kendra’s(GSK’s) claim of an acceptable test kit.First, the person from drug administration insisted that the manufacturer had to submit protocol for carrying out the …Blog, PublicationsApril 27, 2020
āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϞ ⧧⧍, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ āĨ¤ āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ – āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāχ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϤāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϞ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāĻ˛â€”āĻĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύ, āĻĒāĻžā§œāĻž, āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ, āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ—āϞāĻ•āĻĄāĻžāωāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ: —āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡, āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āχ āĻŦ⧇āϰ⧋āĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϟāĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻ• (āĻŦāĻŋāώāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ) āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āύ⧇ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‚āϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ —āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ …Blog, PublicationsApril 12, 2020
āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ ā§§ā§Ž, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ | āĻĄ. āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ – āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āύāĻžāχāϞāϏ āĻāϞāĻĄā§āϰāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĻā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāϏ āĻ…āĻŦ āχāĻ­āĻ˛ā§āϝ⧁āĻļāύ (āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āϧāϰāύ) āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāϰāωāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāύ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟāϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋āύāĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁ (āĻ­āĻžāχāϰāĻžāϏ) āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāχāϞāϏ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āφāĻ•āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ—ā§āύāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϜāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻĒā§ā§œā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻž (āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻž) āĻĻāĻ–āϞ⧇āϰ …Blog, PublicationsMarch 18, 2020
Converting crisis into opportunitiesThe Financial Express | March 16, 2020|  Sajjad Zohir – recall reading the Patterns of Evolution by Niles Eldredge. One of its central propositions suggests improvements to the Darwinian evolution theory, which appears akin to a crisis theory. Citing examples from the vegetation world, Neil expounded how some species are quick to expand and occupy the space made vacant due to, say, an accidental fire. People talk about system-generated crises …Blog, PublicationsMarch 16, 2020
Socially Responsible Financing: Guidance Note Drafting InitiativeA collaborative research by Bangladesh Bank and Economic Research Group Research Team: Dr. Sajjad Zohir, Anika Anjum, ERG Md. Akhtaruzzan, Ph.D. Executive Director (Research) and Md. Abdul Wahab, DGM, (Research), Bangladesh Bank Sponsored by: Bangladesh Bank  The objective of the study is to prepare a background (draft) paper upon reviewing literature and consulting with relevant stakeholders. The study is for the Core Group in Bangladesh Bank assigned to prepare an Operational guidance …PublicationsJanuary 19, 2020
āĻŦāĻšā§āϧāĻžāĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | āϜāĻžāύ⧁⧟āĻžāϰāĻŋ ā§Ļā§Ē-ā§Ļā§Ģ, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ |   āĻ—āϤ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāϏāĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āφāĻžā§āϚāϞāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻāύ⧇āϛ⧇, ‘āϰāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŽāĻļāĻžāχ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āϟāĻž āϕ⧇āύ?’ āĻ…āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĨāϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āϏ⧇āχ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§Ÿā§‹āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāϰāĻž āϕ⧇āύ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āϝāĻžāϰ āφāĻļā§āϰ⧟ āύ⧇āύ, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āĻĻ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ•āϰāĨ¤ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž, āϝāĻž āϘāϟāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āφāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžā§Ÿ āϕ⧇āω āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āϝāĻžāϰ āφāĻļā§āϰ⧟ āύ⧇āύ, āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚ⧟āχ …Blog, PublicationsJanuary 6, 2020
Criteria for contractorsFinancial Express | November 07, 2019 | My attention has been drawn to the announcement that a single firm should not be given contract repeatedly. Is that really an effective policy? As far as I know, there is a secondary market of the contractors’ jobs, similar to the one found in case of dealerships. One may, therefore, win a contract and get the job done by another contractor in exchange …Blog, PublicationsDecember 7, 2019
āĻŦāĻžāĻ˜ā§‡â€“āϕ⧁āĻŽāĻŋāϰ⧇āϰ āϞ⧜āĻžāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖāĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āφāϞ⧋ | āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ |Â ā§§ā§¯ āϏ⧇āĻĒā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝ | āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ | āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āύ⧇ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻšā§€āύ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ-āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ⧇ āϚāĻŋ⧜ āϧāϰāϞ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ āϘāĻžāϟāϤāĻŋāϰ āϰāĻžāĻļ āϟāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•, āĻšā§€āύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āφāĻŽāĻĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻšā§€āύ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϰāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧁āχ, āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧀āĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻĒ⧇āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ-āĻ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āĻĢāĻŋāϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāύāĻžāĨ¤ (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻšā§€āύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ-āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāύ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϞ āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡ āφāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āύāĻž …Blog, PublicationsSeptember 19, 2019
Rethinking tax CollectionSajjad Zohir Article published in The New age Tax collection policy is distinguished from tax policies and the paper argues why the focus should primarily be on agencies than individuals when it comes to administering efficient direct tax. There has been much clamour about widening the tax net and increasing government revenue from direct taxes. It is commonly acknowledged that current practices in tax collections are flawed with presence of …Blog, PublicationsSeptember 14, 2019
āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύWritten on 26th July and published in Bonik Barta on 17th August 2019.Blog, PublicationsAugust 17, 2019
āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‹āĻ—āϕ⧇ āφāχāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύAn interview with Bonik Barta prior to the 2019 budget: Published on: May 21, 2019 āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĢāĻžāχāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϞ āχāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŸā§āϰ⧁āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ (āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻ•āϰāĻŖ) āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻžāχāύ āĻ“ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āχ āφāχāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹â€™ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϚāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• (āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦ) āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āϏāĻœā§€āĻŦ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒāĻžāϚāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āϞ⧇āύāĻĻ⧇āύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻŦ⧈āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āφāϏāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāϚāĻžāϰ-āϚāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āφāĻ‚āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻžāϜāĻŽāĻžāύ āφāχāύ⧀ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ …Blog, PublicationsMay 21, 2019
Social over individual developmentSajjad Zohir | The Daily Prothom Alo | Feb 17, 2019 | n the past, the concept of ‘social development’ embodied a large number of issues packaged under ‘social’ and considered outside the domains of ‘economic’ and ‘political.’ It focused on societal development that shaped individuals’ wellbeing. That approach gradually was reduced to individuals’ development in education, health, sanitation, social security, etc, often bypassing the society. With increased importance of …Blog, PublicationsFebruary 17, 2019
Economic aspirations for a ‘sovereign land’Sajjad Zohir | Daily Prothom Alo | February 05, 2019 n an earlier posting on 31 January 2019, my views on centrality of current politics and its implications for the long-term dynamics in Bangladesh were discussed. Reference was made to the ‘strategist,’ which needs clarifications before some thoughts on desired action for economic development are presented. In any system of exchange, if one party is a strategist, others in the …Blog, PublicationsFebruary 5, 2019
Difficulties in defining public needs and aspirationsProthom Alo | Opinion  |  Jan 30, 2019 | Sajjad Zohir herehere should the focus of development be, to meet public needs and aspirations in the current political atmosphere? There are multiple dimensions of development, and efforts to put those within one frame may be futile. Since most envisage politics to be at the center stage, I express my views on it in the first of the two-part series. It …Blog, PublicationsJanuary 30, 2019
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύ⧀āύ āϰ⧂āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ⧇Unnayan Samikkhaya āĻ–āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ ā§Šā§Ģ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž ā§§ā§Ē⧍ā§Ē Sajjad Zohir    PublicationsDecember 11, 2018
āύāĻ—āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇Published on: August 04, 2018 āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϘāϟāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻŋāĻļā§‹āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āύ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āφāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻšāĻŦāĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻŖāϜāĻžāĻ—āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ, āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ, āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻĻāĻŋāύ āφāϗ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āϕ⧋āϟāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āϏ⧜āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ-āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ¨ā§āϤāύ āĻĒāĻĨāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻĻāĻŋāύāĨ¤ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āχ āĻ-āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžā§Ÿ āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧋āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ …Blog, PublicationsAugust 4, 2018
āφāĻŦāĻžāϏāύ āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāϰ āĻĒāĻžāρāϚāϟāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻ“ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύāĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻŦāϞāĻ›āĻŋ āĻâ€™āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϝ⧇, āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ-āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļ⧇āĻ•ā§œ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāϏ⧇ āύāĻ—āϰ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āφāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ āĻ—ā§œāĻžāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ ‘āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇’āϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ“āϤāĻĒā§āϰ⧋āϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϜ⧜āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§€āϤ āĻ†ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϟāĻžāχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻšā§āϤāϞ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻœā§‹āĻ—āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āϘāϟāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻšā§€āύ āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻ•-āĻ‹āύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ“āϏ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϰ …Blog, PublicationsMarch 1, 2018
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύ⧀āύ āϰ⧂āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ⧇āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ āϏāĻŽā§€āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ–- ā§Šā§Ģ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž ā§§ā§Ēā§§ā§Ē āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁⧟āĻžāϰ⧀, ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ      PublicationsFebruary 1, 2018
Review of SME Credit-related Policies of Bangladesh Bank: Areas of further improvement with a focus on Micro and Small Enterprise (mSE) FinanceSajjad Zohir, K. A. M. Majedur Rahman, Md. Iqbal Hossain and Anika Anjum Report Prepared for Nathan Associates (London) Limited. The overall objective of the study was to understand the stakeholder perspectives and experience of using the mE and SME policy of BB. The main objectives were: Recommending suitable unified definition of mSMEs that will contribute to the current draft SME Strategy document of the Ministry of Industry; Appraising the …PublicationsDecember 27, 2016
āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻĒāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ•ā§ŸāϞāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Žāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ, āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ āĻ“ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ— āĻāĻ• āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ      Published on: August 23, 2016 āĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ•āϰ⧇āχ ‘āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨â€™ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āĻœā§ā§œā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻĨāĻŋāϤ ‘āϏ⧁āĻļā§€āĻ˛â€™ āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ (āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž-āĻĒ⧟āϏāĻž) āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ-āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ-āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻĒā§āϝāĻžāρāϚ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ (āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇) āĻ–ā§‹āρāϜāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧟āĻžāϏ⧇ āύāĻŋāσāϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻ°ā§āώ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇! āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻĒāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Žāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇ āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āύāϜāϰ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ, āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚ⧟āϤāĻž āϗ⧁āύāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāύ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻļ⧁āĻ­ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ …Blog, PublicationsAugust 23, 2016
Political Economy of FSM Case Studies on Fringes of Dhaka CitySajjad Zohir with support from Umama Rahman and Mizanur Rahman Paper prepared for the WaterAid Bangladesh. ‘Fringe’, defined in dictionaries as marginal or border areas, often provides interesting insights into workings of the ‘core’, and into the relations between the ‘core’ and the ‘periphery’1. One such relation involves the ways core’s ‘garbage’ gets dumped in the periphery which the clustered communities in the fringes have to deal with constantly. Our …PublicationsMarch 27, 2016
Political Economy of Water Supply in Khulna City Understanding the Regime of Rampant Groundwater ExtractionSajjad Zohir and Md. Salauddin Paper prepared for the WaterAid Bangladesh. The central objective of the study is to understand the political, economic as well as technological factors that continue to perpetuate the current regime of groundwater-dependent water supply and use in KCC area. The purpose is to better appreciate the technological constraints within which such choices have been made, what obstructs switches to alternative modes where technological options are …PublicationsMarch 27, 2016
A Political Economy Study of the WASH Sector in BangladeshPaper prepared for the WaterAid Bangladesh Sajjad Zohir and Umama Rahman. The paper deals primarily with methods – political economy approach in dealing with WASH. Unbundling Political Economy in the context of Development Sector The term ‘political economy’ has been used to mean different things by different people. At times, it is used to imply a knowledge discipline (subject), while many other exercises define it as an analytical approach2. There …PublicationsMarch 27, 2016
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻšāύāύSeptember 17, 2015 Sajjad Zohir  Blog, PublicationsSeptember 17, 2015
āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝāĻžā§‡āϗ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāϛ⧇āĻĻā§āϝāϤāĻžSeptember 10, 2015 Sajjad Zohir  Blog, PublicationsSeptember 10, 2015
āωāĻĒāĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύSeptember 3, 2015 Sajjad ZohirBlog, PublicationsSeptember 3, 2015
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻ• – āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ  āĻĻā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€â€™āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āϝ⧋āĻ—āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āωāĻ āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāϜāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āϝ⧋āĻ—āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻ—āϤāĻŋ’āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇āχāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰ āϭ⧌āĻ—āϞāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡āχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāϤ āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āύ⧇āχ āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ (āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ ) āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ-āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ“āϤāĻĒā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϜ⧜āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€â€™āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ–āĻžāϜāύāĻž āφāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ°Â  āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻāύ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ’āϰ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āωāĻ āĻžāύāĻžāĻŽāĻžâ€™āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžâ€™āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāϪ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž …Blog, PublicationsJune 8, 2015
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžā§‡āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžā§‡āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ­āĻžāϞ āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ  āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž | ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ-ā§Ļā§Ŧ-ā§Ļā§Ŧ āχāĻ‚ Language Bangla (Bengali)Blog, PublicationsJune 6, 2015
Congratulation Tigers! for letting the dream machine sustainYou made us proud Tigers! No, I am no new comer to your fan club! But I remain a critical observer- hoping that you establish yourselves as professionals to make others envy the identity we are trying to define – be it Bangalee or Bangladeshi. Like many silent souls, my enthusiasm about our cricket team had been ridiculed by many.More than two decades back, a very distinguished citizen and my …Blog, PublicationsApril 21, 2015
In Search of a brain in the bodyIn Search of a Brain in the Body Sajjad Zohir   have always wondered what my body would look like if it had no brain. Dr. Shahidullah’s prose piece on Human of the Future narrated the physical transformation of the human body with excessive use of brain and very little use of the muscles – obviously the health freaks and the ‘Adhuniks’ [2]were yet to emerge in the scene during …Blog, PublicationsSeptember 24, 2014
NGO Sector in Bangladesh An OverviewSajjad Zohir Article Published in Economic and Political Weekly The paper outlines the expanding coverage of activities under NGOs in Bangladesh. It was one of the first few to point at the transition of NGO activities into commercial spheres.  PublicationsJune 2, 2014
Relative Prevalance of Poverty at Upazila Level in Selected Districts: Findings from Perception Survey based on Pair-wise ComparisonSajjad Zohir Report prepared for World Food Programme (WFP) The report builds perception based on the responses of selected group of locals from the selected districts. The key objective of the study is to measure relative prevalence of poverty at upazila level in multiple districts of Bangladesh.PublicationsMay 30, 2014
āϟāĻŋ-āĻŸā§‹ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋ’āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϚāĻžāρāĻĻāĻž āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§‹āϰ⧇āϟ āϜāĻ—āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰMarch 19, 2014 Sajjad Zohir āĻ•āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻāϰāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āϟāĻ•-āĻļā§‹ āĻĨ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϤāĻž āϜāĻžāύāĻŋāύāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āϕ⧋āĻĒāύ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āϰ, āϚāĻžāρāĻĻāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦ⧈āϧāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϟāĻŋ-āĻŸā§‹ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āĻ†ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ⧇āϰ āφāĻ‚āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻŋāϤ ‘āϚāĻžāρāĻĻāĻžâ€™ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§‡āϰ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧈āϧāϤāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ⧀ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāύāĻžāϞ (āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ)-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻŸā§‡ āύāĻžāύāĻžāϜāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāύāĻž āĻŽāϤ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇ āϟāĻŋāφāχāĻŦāĻŋ-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦ⧈āϧāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āύ, āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ›āϤāĻž āĻ“ āϜāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤāĻžâ€™āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϤ⧁āϞāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āϝ⧇ …Blog, PublicationsMarch 19, 2014
āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧋āĻ—āϤāĻŋāσ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āĻ•āĻĒāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ(āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž, ā§§ā§§āχāĻĄāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Š āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϖ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ) āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•: āĻšā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŽā§‹ā§œāϞāĻ—āĻžā§āĻœā§‡ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ-āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻž-āϕ⧇ āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āĻ•āĻĒāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āĻĢāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ•āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟-āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ āĻĒā§āϰ⧟āĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧋, āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒā§āϰ⧟āĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āϕ⧇ āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ (āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ–āύ) āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āϝāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϏāĻšāϜāĻžāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āϝ⧇āύāĻ…āϜāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡, āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ (āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻž āχāĻŽā§‡āϜāĻŋāĻ‚) āĻ“ āĻŦāϚāύ⧇(āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ‚) āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āϤ⧈āϰ⧀ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āĻ•āĻĒāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ …Blog, PublicationsDecember 11, 2013
Exclusion and Initiatives to ‘Include’: Revisiting Basic Economics to Guide Development PracticeSajjad Zohir Publisher: Springer The paper reconstructs the definition of exclusion and its various facets by applying a set of principles that underlie economic analyses. The analysis reveals that many initiatives to reduce exclusion under the umbrella of safety nets often lead to the introduction of differentiated products in segmented markets that may actually contribute to the perpetuation of differentiations within a population. The relations between contracts, goods and services, …PublicationsJuly 14, 2013
Issues in Assessing Multi-Sector Food and Nutrition ProgrammesSajjad Zohir, Nazme Sabina, Ruhul Amin Submitted to: World Food Programme (WFP) The term assessment carries wide range of meanings, which is reflected in the range of synonyms it has – appraisal, rating, valuation, estimation, and evaluation. In the literature dealing with development practices, appraisal, rating and evaluation are more frequently found; with evaluation of project/programme impacts dominating the rest by miles. An obvious limitation of the latter is its …PublicationsMay 20, 2013
BCIM and reflections on the prospect of Bangladesh’s development through regional connectivitySajjad Zohir Research Director, Economic Research Group, and Professor in Economics, BRAC University   Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar have long been members of the BCIM forum; and efforts are being made to showcase K2K (Kolkata to Kunming) car rally. The eleventh meeting of the Forum was recently held in Dhaka, facilitated by the Centre for Policy Dialogue; and I had the opportunity to attend one of its sessions. The …PublicationsMarch 12, 2013
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āϤ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāχ āϤāϰ⧁āĻŖāĻĻ⧇āϰ – āϏ⧇āχāϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻļāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϞāĻžāĻĒFebruary 10, 2013 Sajjad ZohirBlog, PublicationsFebruary 10, 2013
Shahabag: Selected ReflectionsSajjad Zohir Article published in The Bonik Barta The Shahabag Ganojagoron Mancho was yet to be one week old. While it attracted many and raised several issues on identity and political space – people hardly had the time to engage in constructive debate. The brief was published in Bonik Barta, but drew little attention, till spontaneity made room for reflection.PublicationsFebruary 10, 2013
āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻžSeptember 12, 2012 āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•-āĻļā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋ’āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚ⧟ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ŧ āϏāύ⧇ – āϟāĻŋāĻāϏāϏāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āύ⧇ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§‡āϞāύ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋ,āφāχ,āĻĄāĻŋ,āĻāϏ-āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻ• āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāωāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āφāϞāĻŽāĻ—ā§€āϰ āϏ⧇āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋ’āϰ āϏāĻ­āĻžāĻĒāϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ‘āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇’ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ• āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§‡āϞāύ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϗ⧁āĻŖā§€āϜāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§§ āϏāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§€ āĻ–āϞ⧀āϕ⧁āĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύ āφāĻšāĻŽāĻĻ-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϝ⧌āĻĨāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āύāĻŦā§āĻŦ⧁āĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻ• āĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āϏāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋ’āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžā§œā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ …PublicationsSeptember 12, 2012
Capital flight and problems of capital formationSajjad Zohir Reflecting on budget 2012, as article published in Bonik Barta. Language: Bangla (Bengali)PublicationsJuly 1, 2012
āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āρāϜāĻŋ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāϟ – āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āϟ āĻĒ⧇āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϤāϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ āϜ⧁āύ, ā§§ā§Ē, ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍Blog, PublicationsJune 14, 2012
A Decision Support Tool for Government Engagements in Market for Essentials – the case of Food grains in BangladeshSajjad Zohir Researchers and authors of studies on foodgrain market and on government policies and interventions apparently position themselves as neutral observers. Economists, in particular, tend to distance themselves from policy prescriptions at operational levels since ceteris paribus conditions rarely prevail and probability of prediction error is likely to be fatally high! The paper develops a general framework to guide government actions on markets of essentials where the government has …PublicationsMay 31, 2012
Analytical Study on Companies Act Reform and Informal EconomySajjad Zohir and Adeeb Choudhury Submitted to: The Bangladesh Investment Climate Fund (BICF) Companies Acts in several countries are going reforms; and the process in Bangladesh was being supported by the IFC. The opportunity to provide inputs on its sensitiveness to informal economy gave an opportunity to learn of the history, and the various dynamics arising out of interests pursued by different groups. It also gave an opportunity to look …PublicationsMay 1, 2012
An ex ante Assessment of Wealth/Property Tax in BangladeshPolicy Paper Sajjad Zohir, Motiar Rahman, Mohammad Arefin Kamal, Anik Ashraf and Nabil Ahmed Prepared for The National Board of Revenue with financial supports from International Growth Centre. In an agrarian society, ‘property’ included land and a few other agricultural assets. With progresses and economies grew, a vast multitude of new assets emerged. Whereas ‘real property’ refers to real assets (such as land, natural objects on the land and improvements …PublicationsMarch 30, 2012
āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āϭ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋDaily Jugantor December 11, 2011 Sajjad ZohirPublicationsDecember 11, 2011
Journey Towards Elusive Poverty ReductionSajjad Zohir Article published in The New Age Published on: 15/05/2011 Reflecting on the journey towards poverty reduction – critical examination of few issues. An elaborate version of the paper was presented at a workshop in Addis Ababa. Available poverty estimates suggest that while there have been declines in the incidence of poverty in all countries in South Asia, the target of halving poverty (from benchmarks reported for 1990) may …PublicationsMay 15, 2011
Observations on the proposed ‘wealth’ taxSajjad Zohir Article published in The Daily Star On Sunday, May 8, 2011 Responds to moves for reintroducing wealth tax in Bangladesh. In a recent discourse on wealth/property tax, one proposal suggests of assessing wealth from statements of individual tax-payers on the ground of ease in its administration. The wealth statement, if recorded truthfully and on time, captures the wealth stated at the time of one’s entry into the tax-net, …Blog, PublicationsMay 8, 2011
A Framework for Intergrating Mdgs in National Development Strategies: Review of Regional Experiences and Lessons for Accelerated Mdg ImplementationSajjad Zohir The paper was prepared for the Macroeconomic Policy Development Division of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). It was presented at the “Partnership Dialogue on Developing and Implementing MDG-based National Development Strategies in Asia-Pacific Countries”, held jointly by UNESCAP and the Royal Government of Cambodia, during 13 – 15 December 2010, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.PublicationsDecember 28, 2010
āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāĻ‹āϪ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āρāϧ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāĻ‹āĻŖ – āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžā§‡āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāĻ‹āϪ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āρāϧ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāĻ‹āĻŖ – āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžā§‡āĻŽāĻž āύāϭ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ ā§Ģ, ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ  PublicationsDecember 12, 2010
āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāĻ‹āĻŖ: āϏ⧁āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāĻ‹āĻŖ: āϏ⧁āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ•āϞ⧇āχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻāύāϜāĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāĻ‹āĻŖ āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āύ⧜āĻŦ āφāχāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž, āφāχāύāĻŋ āϤāĻĻāĻžāϰāϕ⧀ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāχ āĻ–āĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ ‘āĻ…āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽâ€™-āĻāϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āχ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ-āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ‹āĻŖ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύ⧀ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϘāĻŸā§‡; āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϤāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻžā§āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻ—āϰ⧀āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ†ÃāϏāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻˇā§āϟ⧃ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ“ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇, āϏāĻšāϜāϞāĻ­ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§‹āϚāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āφāϰ āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϰ …PublicationsDecember 12, 2010
Identifying extreme poorA review of criteria applied in targeted programs | Sajjad Zohir | in association with Sara Zabeen, Hosneara Munni, Sujan Ghosh | November 11, 2010 | Most programs on safety nets are targeted. Thus, defining the target population and translating the latter into operational terms are two essential pre-requisites for these programs. Save the Children UK (SCUK), with funding support from Dfid-Shiree/EEP, is implementing a project on economic and food …PublicationsNovember 10, 2010
Identifying Pro-Poor Economic Activities:Improvised Value Chain Analysis of Selected Goods & Services in Coastal Southwest BangladeshSajjad Zohir with supports from Sara Zabeen, Papon Dev, Sujan Ghosh, Hosne Ara Munni An improvised version of value chain analysis was adapted to identify potential economic activities in the coastal southern Bangladesh that may meaningfully engage poor. The exercise undertaken for ERG was meant to assist Save the Children UK to develop their targeted employment generation programs. Providing livelihood options to rural poor has been the major concern amongst …PublicationsNovember 10, 2010
Governance of Microcredit in BangladeshSajjad Zohir Article published in local newspaper Language : Bangla (Bengali) The paper reacts to several moves by the 2009-elected government to regulate the activities of microcredit, what later turned out to be substantive. The focus of the paper is however on economic governance of the sector, including that of interest rates charged by microcredit agencies.Blog, PublicationsNovember 7, 2010
Regional Differences in Poverty Levels and Trends in Bangladesh: Are we asking the right questions?Sajjad Zohir There had been several studies using household level income-expenditure data to explain regional differences in poverty levels and trends within a country. The paper critically looks into those and proposes alternatives perspectives to understand the phenomena. It is more of an exposure of the limitations of methods relying on household level data and fashionable poverty measures in vogue, suggesting ways to reconstruct our approaches. Bangladesh happens to be …PublicationsSeptember 1, 2010
āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ“ āĻ•āϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžāϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ“ āĻ•āϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž ā§§ā§Ŧ-ā§Ļā§Ģ-⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāĻœā§āϜāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻšāĻŋāϰPublicationsAugust 12, 2010
āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ“ āĻ•āϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž – āĻ āϤāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ⧇!PublicationsJune 4, 2010
āφāĻžā§āϚāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āφāĻžā§āϚāϞāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻSajjad Zohir : Daily Prothom Alo : 16-01-2010  PublicationsApril 24, 2010
Number of Microcredit Clients Crossing the US $1.25 a day Threshold during 1990-2008 Estimates from a nationwide survey in BangladeshSajjad Zohir Report Prepared for Microcredit Summit Campaign Using poverty scorecards drawn up from three sets of HIES data, a nation-wide survey was carried out in 2009 to arrive at reasonable measure on net number of MFI clients crossing the threshold poverty level income. Lot of data analyses were involved – exercises on scorecards, compilation of sampling frame to allow a representative national sample survey of 3600+ households, and the …PublicationsMarch 23, 2010
Black, White and Compromised GreyBlack, White and Compromised Grey Sajjad Zohir The Daily Star Published On: 2009-06-16 The article discusses black money in Bangladesh, in response to repeated provision for whitening with only 10% tax.PublicationsSeptember 12, 2009
āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ : āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžDecember 31, 2008 Sajjad Zohir With newly elected government soon to take charge, the article looks into various issues on the subject. It also critically examines the traditional approach to poverty alleviation by targeting individuals and households.Blog, PublicationsDecember 31, 2008
On Election CommitmentsDecember 27, 2008 Sajjad Zohir Discusses election commitments made by the two major parties prior to the general election in January 2009.Blog, PublicationsDecember 27, 2008
Financial rout and future optionsSajjad Zohir Published in The Daily Star Monday, November 17, 2008 In a recent article (Who are the Architects of Economic Collapse? Will an Obama Administration Reverse the Tide, Global Research, November 9, 2008), Michel Chossudovsky noted that the “bailout” proposed by the US Treasury does not constitute a “solution” to the crisis. On the contrary, he predicts, it will cause further collapse. To quote him: “We are dealing with …PublicationsDecember 12, 2008
Rebel CricketersThe Daily Star carried the story on “Rebellion in Tiger camp” in its front page on 15 September 2008. It reminded us of the traditional fear of facing new challenges (and opportunities) from outside – and the first reaction was no different from the tradition – one that in subtle words flags ‘patriotism’ but effectively protects the status quo, and despises (rather envies) the new movers to avail market opportunities …PublicationsNovember 4, 2008
In Search of the Pied PiperSajjad Zohir Save the Children, UK A rapid appraisal of livelihood situation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, following reports of rat infestation, led me into an interesting journey. Bamboos exhibit mast seedling, once in 50+ years for some specie. Its known for centuries; yet the knowledge got lost since the last one coincided with massive dislocation of local people with the building of the Kaptai dam. The scope of the …PublicationsMarch 1, 2008
Lessons from Implementing Selected UNDP Projects: Areas of Future Supports to Planning and Statistics for Poverty Reduction in CambodiaSajjad Zohir and Lay Chhan Assessment of UNDP Projects: Capacity Development of Poverty Monitoring and Assessment Capacity Development of National Statistical System The report has been in public domain by the sponsoring agency. It reveals common experiences that many developing countries face with eroding values within the government agencies, often for reasons beyond individual control. Traditional practices in the ‘aid regime’ often contribute towards worsening the situation. The exercise ledme …PublicationsSeptember 25, 2007
Managing Food Security to Sustain Political Transition (Part II)Published in The Daily Star on: June 04, 2007 This article summarises in two installments. The first part looks into the plausible reasons of price increase observed. The second part will address the future and immediate actions to face it so that the goals of political transition remain shared. Discussion in the previous instalment of this article (published on Sunday) suggested that rice and other food prices would remain on …PublicationsSeptember 14, 2007
Managing Food Security to Sustain Political Transition (Part I)Sajjad Zohir Published in The Daily Star on: June 03, 2007 This article summarises in two installments. The first part looks into the plausible reasons of price increase observed. The second part will address the future and immediate actions to face it so that the goals of political transition remain shared. One may debate on whether Bangladesh’s politics is in transition but all would agree that there has been a …PublicationsSeptember 14, 2007
Implementation of Policies for Reducing Chronic Poverty PRS Country Study: BangladeshSajjad Zohir, Abantee Harun, Naser Farid, Iftekharul Huq ERG, CPRC and ODI Background Paper for the Chronic Poverty Report 2008-09 Bangladesh’s IPRSP was finalised in June 2003 and the full PRSP was finalised in January 2006. The broad objective of the Bangladesh study is to assess progresses made in implementation of policies (in PRSP) aimed at reducing chronic poverty. All policies and programs (often not explicitly backed by a written …PublicationsJune 1, 2007
Exclusion and Poverty: An analytical approach for understanding exclusion and assessing programs targeting the very poor in BangladeshSajjad Zohir, Mehnaz Rabbani, Biva Arani Mallik, Iftekharul Huq and Raisa Afsana This paper is one of the outputs of a research undertaking by the Economic Research Group in collaboration with the Research and Evaluation Division of Brac, and with financial supports from the Aga Khan Foundation. The sponsored activities included an exercise on NGO mapping supported by analytical probing into the concept of exclusion, and a follow-up empirical query …PublicationsMay 1, 2007
Economics of Politics in a Weak Nation Confronting GlobalizationSajjad Zohir Seminar Paper Thought process outlined with a set of inter-linked propositions that end up in a dilemma. Drawing upon experiences in some of the less developed countries and the happenings around the globe over last two decades, I shall try to put together a number of propositions. We may like to discuss each of these propositions separately, broadly reach a consensus, and then attempt to build a broader …PublicationsJanuary 1, 2007
Reaching the Extreme Poor: Challenges, Constraints and OpportunitiesSajjad Zohir Seminar Paper Bangladesh had a successful expansion of the microcredit2 sector during the last two decades of the 20th century. During the early years of success, microcredit was deemed to be the instrument for helping poor graduate out of poverty. Such a perception had shaped the discourse on poverty in Bangladesh during subsequent years, even when empirical studies unveiled the limits of microcredit programs to reach out to …PublicationsDecember 1, 2006
Social Development and Human Security: Issues and PerspectivesSajjad Zohir Seminar Paper The paper was presented at an international workshop organized by the Human Development Network in Islamabad. The development discourse moved from social safety nets to social protection and elements of human security was getting repackaged distancing from old concerns raised during late 1980’s and early 1990’s. The paper relies on common sense economic reasoning to make a case for looking deep into costs of association to …PublicationsNovember 1, 2006
Changing Policy Environment in Mongolia: Role of UNCT in a Country at CrossroadsSajjad Zohir and Mahesh Patel As a part of multi-country study, the exercise was undertaken for IDS- Sussex, meant to assess the roles of UN agencies in promoting poverty reduction strategy (PRS). It was revealing to learn of various actors engaged in reshaping the destiny of a land-locked country. Many stories however remain untold in a report. This report is one of eight studies of UN agencies’ involvement in the …PublicationsFebruary 13, 2006
Hopes & despairs: whither rural economyNovember 18, 2005 Sajjad Zohir Language : Bangla (Bengali) Speculation on the direction of Bangladesh rural economy. It also hinted at emerging inequality and the emerging extremism in politics.PublicationsNovember 18, 2005
Apartment Pricing in Dhaka CityIt looks into prices of new apartments and reasons why the price remains ‘irrationally’ high, compared to second-hand (registered) apartments. One obvious link suggested is with ‘black’ (un-taxed) money. Came out in Dainik Sangbad.PublicationsOctober 26, 2005
Wider Impacts of Microfinance Institutions: Issues and ConceptsSajjad Zohir and Imran Matin Article published in Journal of International Development J. Int. Dev.16, 301–330 (2004) The paper distinguishes between a ‘wider’ definition of wider impacts (which takes into account feed backs from impacts to institutional performance) and a ‘narrower’ definition,which does not. In respect of both definitions, the paper sets out a typology of the effects which need to be measured (cultural, economic, social and political) and of …PublicationsDecember 1, 2004
Food Aid Distribution in Bangladesh: Leakage and Operational PerformanceAkhter U. Ahmed, Shahidur Rashid, Manohar Sharma, and Sajjad Zohir International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Donors support a number of targeted food-based programs in Bangladesh that are widely credited with providing poor people access to food and improving their food security. However, inefficiency in the food distribution system may be hindering the realization of the full benefits of these programs. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) conducted a …PublicationsSeptember 29, 2004
Estimating the Impacts of the Jamuna Bridge on Poverty Levels in Bangladesh using SAM and CGE Models: A Comparative StudyMarc Luppino, Greg Gajewski, Sajjad Zohir, Bazlul Khondker, and David Crowther Construction of the Jamuna Bridge, now the 11th longest bridge in the world, began in October 1994 and finished in June of 1998. With the Jamuna River physically dividing Bangladesh into two halves, the Bridge was built in order to provide the first road and rail link between the relatively less-developed Northwest region of the country and the more-developed …PublicationsSeptember 25, 2004
Participation of Non-Government/Private Sectors in the Delivery of Social Services-Reconciling with EconomicsSajjad Zohir What was once considered as a social sector under the government administered sector, increasingly got transferred to non-government and private sectors. Experiences are summarized to reflect on the way economists define economic goods. The idea of network/club good (termed here as hybrid) character of the social services is allured to and it is argued that the organizational networks help in reducing cost of delivering those services. What had …PublicationsJune 1, 2004
A Study on Food Aid Leakage in BangladeshA Study on Food Aid Leakage in Bangladesh AU Ahmed, S Rashid, M Sharma and Sajjad Zohir When Akhter U Ahmed of IFPRI contacted me to participate in the study and wanted me to do something on which very little existed from past literature, I took the challenge. The study looks into three segments in the foodgrain arrival, storage, transportation and distribution system; and I dealt with leakages during unloading …PublicationsOctober 7, 2003
Free Trade with India: Assessing Indian gains from a Bangladesh perspectiveJune 16, 2003 Sajjad Zohir The culture of assessing the potential gains and losses of your counterpart if common in international negotiations. Unfortunately, this was miserably missing in discourses visible in Bangladesh. This is one of several written during 2002-03. When two parties negotiate, it is desirable to strike a deal which will bring benefits to both parties. Theories of economic exchanges, including international trade, have often considered that to …PublicationsJune 16, 2003
MFI Competition, Overlapping and the After-EffectsSajjad Zohir Following overlaps in MFI membership, the paper looks into early phase of MFI competition in Bangladesh. Microfinance (MF) industry in Bangladesh has been the subject of study in numerous researches. This is another in the milieu, with a primary focus on the nature of competition between various agents in the MF industry. Due to enormous diversity in perceptions on an ever-changing phenomenon, the subject of study presents one …PublicationsMay 1, 2003
Economics of Gas Export: why we need to look into ‘economic’ pricesJanuary 24, 2003 Sajjad Zohir   During 1999-2003, there had been renewed attention to the issue of gas export. The exchanges often got passionate and very little clarifications were provided by those in negotiating deals. Yet the time and ‘ignorance’ allowed open exchanges to some degree. The paper’s basic argument: all decisions on procurement and sales by a single representative of the country ought to have declared ceiling and floor …Blog, PublicationsJanuary 24, 2003
Opportunities And Challenges In Agriculture And Garments: A General Equilibrium Analysis Of The Bangladesh EconomyChanning Arndt, Paul Dorosh, Marzia Fontana and Sajjad Zohir International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) For the past two decades, Bangladesh has enjoyed steady growth in per capita incomes enabling a significant reduction in poverty. An increase in rice productivity, achieved through a combination of improved seeds, increased fertilizer use, and public and private investments in irrigation, played …PublicationsNovember 29, 2002
The Emerging Role of the Private Sector in Delivering Social Services in the ESCAP RegionEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Social Policy Paper No. 4 This paper elaborates on the current approaches in viewing the private sector as either a partner or a separate entity in delivering such basic social services as education, health care, water and sanitation. The term private sector is inferred to include: (a) for-profit private business/corporate entities, and (b) not-for-profit non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It highlights the …PublicationsDecember 1, 2001
Impact of Reforms in Agricultural Input Markets on Crop Sector Profitability in BangladeshSajjad Zohir SAPRI-Bangladesh After the Independence, most of the organized activities in Bangladesh economy were owned and operated by the public sector through various public agencies. Such a state of ownership was partly rooted in the past policy regimes and was partly a de facto outcome due to absence of the previous entrepreneurs and institutions. Since the late 1970’s, reforms in the food and agriculture sector were initiated to gradually …PublicationsJanuary 25, 2001
Prospects of Microfinance in the Hilly Region of BangladeshSajjad Zohir Seminar Paper In the process of assisting a newly established NGO in Rangamati to develop their research capacity, a survey was undertaken. The findings found way into a seminar paper at the World Mountain Symposium in 2001. Microfinance is generally believed to have impacted upon the lives of millions of rural people in Bangladesh, and the country has achieved great repute in the international community due to the …PublicationsJanuary 1, 2001
Prospects for rice exports in BangladeshFrancesco Goletti, A. S. M. Jahangir, Sajjad Zohir What is Bangladesh’s potential for self-sufficiency in rice production? There have been both optimistic and pessimistic answers to that question. Observers expressed optimism in the early 1990s, when rice surpluses were publicized (World Bank 1992). Trends in production and prices supported that attitude: even with excessive flooding in 1988, farmers were able to cope, and aggregate rice production did not decline as …PublicationsSeptember 25, 2000
Bangladesh’s Food- for-Work Program and Alternatives to Improve Food SecutityAkhter U. Ahmed, Sajjad Zohir, Shubh K. Kumar, and Omar Haider Chowdhury Pervasive poverty and undernutrition are fundamental problems in Bangladesh. About one-half of the country’s 112 million people cannot afford an adequate diet. There is a close relationship among poverty, landlessness, and unemployment. The rural landless, constituting about 50 percent of rural households, depend mainly on agriculture for employment. Since demand for labor in agricultural production is seasonal, during …PublicationsJanuary 12, 2000
On Bangladesh Economic AssociationSajjad Zohir Article published in The Bonik Barta Language:Bangla (Bengali) Reflections as a former General Secretary of the Association and an onlooker since 2000. With expectation that the perpetuation of same leadership will eventually come to an end.PublicationsJanuary 1, 2000
A Preliminary Assessment of Kishoreganj Sadar Thana (KST) ProjectSajjad Zohir, Abul Basher, Shafiqur Rahman Prepared for the World Bank, Dhaka Following the recommendation endorsed in the 1993 Dhaka summit of SAARC Heads of State or Government, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) initiated and sponsored a sub-regional project titled “Institutional Development at the Grassroots for Poverty Alleviation”. A demonstration pilot project was started in Kishoreganj Sadar Thana (KST) of Kishoreganj district, in October 1994. The project, now in …PublicationsOctober 1, 1999
Looking Ahead: Microcredit in BangladeshSajjad Zohir The paper was presented at a Bangladesh Economic Association annual conference – sometime during 1998 and 2000. Drawing upon initial nation-wide BIDS survey under a PKSF study, basic knowledge of microeconomics was applied to explain some observed stories. Non-quantitative in approach. Searched the piece out of a PKSF archive. This brief has three parts, constrained by a limit of 10 minutes of presentation. The first part lists a …PublicationsDecember 1, 1998
The spatial integration and pricing efficiency of the private sector grain trade in Bangladesh: Phase I reportBob Baulch, Jayanta Das and Sajjad Zohir Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) Institute of Development Studies (IDS)  PublicationsOctober 25, 1997
Medium and Long-Term Projections of Foodgrain Demand, Supply and Trade Balance in BangladeshQuazi Shahabuddin and Sajjad Zohir Article published in BIDS Journal The Bangladesh Development Studies Vol. XXIII, Sept-Dec. 1995, Nos 3 & 4 Based on my background works on estimating demand parameters within a framework of multi-stage budgeting and a SUR-based estimation of supply-side parameters, the paper makes projections. An important methodological contribution had been to move out of a single price and define three different trade regimes based on the …PublicationsSeptember 1, 1995
Editor’s Introduction to Crop DiversificationSajjad Zohir The Bangladesh Development Studies (BDS)PublicationsJuly 1, 1995
Agricultural Growth through Crop Diversification in BangladeshAn IFPRI working paper drawing upon a BIDS-IFPRI research. Wahiduddin Mahmud, Sultan Hafeez Rahman, Sajjad Zohir This study is aimed at outlining the policies and issues of crop diversification that are likely to influence the growth and sustainabi 1 ity of agri cultura 1 product i on in Bangl adesh. Crop agri culture currently accounts for more than one-fourth of the gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices and nearly …PublicationsJuly 1, 1994
Corruption and Entrepreneurship- some further thoughtsBIDS Journal, The Bangladesh Development Studies Vol. XXII, March 1994, No. 1 Sajjad Zohir Taking cue from a paper by Taslim on corruption in the same journal, it is argued that corruption involves an act of collusion by an early entrant with the authority.PublicationsMarch 1, 1994
Problems and Prospects of Crop DiversificationSajjad Zohir Article published in BIDS Journal The Bangladesh Development Studies Vol. XXI, September 1993, No 3 Uses survey data of 1992 to assess the limits to crop diversification in Bangladesh.PublicationsSeptember 1, 1993
Zoning of Bangladesh: An Exercise Based on Existing Cropping PracticesArticle published in BIDS Journal The Bangladesh Development Studies Vol. XXI, June 1993, No.2 Sajjad Zohir   Vector distances are used to group territories exhibiting similar cropping patterns; and the cropping pattern zones are then compared with other classifications, such as, agro-ecological zones and MPO-zones.PublicationsJune 15, 1993
Wage and Labor Market in Agriculture: Some ComponentsSajjad Zohir Article published in BIDS Journal The Bangladesh Development Studies Vol. VXII, December 1989. No 4 Economists tend to assume primacy of spot/casual labor markets; and attempt to explain why long term contracts may or may not exist. The paper critically examines such perspective and argues that long term contracts may have been the norm in agriculture labor market. It is also argued why daily/casual labor markets in agriculture …PublicationsDecember 1, 1989
Production and Distribution In a Single Crop EconomyProduction and Distribution In a Single Crop Economy An Alternative Approach to the Analysis of Labour Contract in Traditional Agriculture Sajjad Zohir Thesis Paper The literature on agricultural contracts has shed much light on the choice of contracts in the presence of risk, transaction costs, and incomplete markets. There is, however, no satisfactory explanation of the coexistence of positive wages and open unemployment. Furthermore, the historical changes in the incidence …PublicationsDecember 1, 1988
Output Sharing as a form of Wage Payment During HarvestSajjad Zohir Article published in BIDS Journal The Bangladesh Development Studies Vol. 15, No. 2 (June 1987), pp. 121-132 Prevalence of fixed coefficient technology in harvest operation is shown; and the paper analyses the case of wage payments in the form of output sharing.PublicationsJune 1, 1987
Methods in Social ResearchSajjad Zohir Article published in Journal of BIDS Unnayan Samikkhaya āϚāϤ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž, ā§§ā§Šā§¯ā§Š Language: Bangla (Bengali) Accidentally discovered this old article published in Bangladesh Unnayan Sameekhya of BIDS back in 1986. It was the first where I put my neck out to suggest that there is a broader unity in methods and the latter is not as ideologically biased as we pose those to be in the sphere …PublicationsFebruary 1, 1986
Rural Credit Market in Noakhali District, BangladeshSajjad Zohir | September 1982| Credit is an important component of the current rural development programmes that are being pursued in many under-developed countries. Such programmes can be effective only if objective considerations are made of the non-institutional market for credit. This market reflects the underlying social and economic structure. The present study attempts to understand rural society in Bangladesh from observations made of the credit market. The study is …PublicationsSeptember 1, 1982